It is an asphalt adhesive. it was popular for gluing down asbestos tiles, beware.
It is not uncommon for it to stick like mad to concrete, and not very much to the tile , probably why they don't yuse it any more.
You may be able to use an isolation primer over it, instead of removing it, need to talk to a tile guy who does restoration work, I know they were trying that approach at one point, but I don't know how it worked out.
I don't know of any nice clean way to get it off, it is awfull stuff, goof off will just make it thinner and it will smear all over the place. Grinding it off may be a very bad thing to do if it had asbestos binders in it. The few ways I know of to get rid of it require professional chemicals or tools : (
(Paint remover will, very slowly, decompose it, but it's a nasty way to do it )